Gaucher Disease: A First Reported Adult Case in Indonesia.

A 44-year-old female presented with a distended abdomen and fatigue. On physical examination, prominent splenomegaly was found. The laboratory investigations revealed pancytopenia and decreased albumin-globulin ratio. The abdominal ultrasonography revealed splenomegaly, cholelithiasis, and cystitis, and the bone survey showed osteopenia. Differential diagnoses included leukemia, multiple myeloma, and myelofibrosis therefore bone marrow puncture was performed. However, histopathologic examination found Gaucher-like cells in the bone marrow aspiration. The finding of CD68 positivity in Gaucher-like cells by using the immunohistochemistry staining supporting Gaucher disease. To confirm the diagnosis, an examination of glucocerebroside substrate from the patient's blood plasma was performed. Glucosylsphingosine, a deacylated form of glucosylceramide, was markedly elevated. Therefore, the diagnosis of Gaucher disease was confirmed. This is the first reported adult Gaucher case diagnosed in Indonesia.

The Impact on Working Conditions and Income Amongst Internists in Indonesia: Lesson Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Internists are at the forefront of providing care for COVID-19 patients. This situation adds more strain on already overburdened internists, particularly in Indonesia, where resources are scarce and unevenly distributed. The pandemic altered working conditions due to restrictions and regulatory changes. Multiple evidence exists for the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on physicians' well-being, but less is known about its impact on their work dynamics and livelihoods. This study provides some lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic regarding the changes in working conditions and earnings experienced by Indonesian internists. There were 3,115 and 1,772 participants in the first and second survey, respectively. After one year, the proportion of internists handling COVID-19 cases, including critical COVID-19 cases, increased; with fewer internists over 60 years old involved. Working hours, number of patients, and monthly earnings decreased for the majority of internists. The increased workload was experienced by most participants one year of the pandemic, predominantly reported by female internists. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a considerable impact on working conditions and income amongst internists in Indonesia. These findings may provide information to institutions in formulating strategies and tools to improve the working conditions and livelihoods of internists in Indonesia amidst the pandemic and potential public health emergencies in the future.

Disappearance of Imported Cases of Omicron Lineage BA.2.40 in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Background: The World Health Organization has declared Omicron as the fifth variant of concern with more than 50 mutations, particularly in the spike protein. Given increased viral infectivity due to mutations, worldwide genomic surveillance and detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential. The present study aimed to track Omicron lineage BA.2.40 in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Methods: In May-August 2022, nasopharyngeal swab samples (n=3,642) were collected from international travelers to West Kalimantan (active surveillance), and patients hospitalized due to SARS-CoV-2 infection (baseline surveillance). The samples were tested for Omicron lineages based on ORF1ab, N, and HV69-70del genes, followed by whole-genome sequencing. The sequences were then identified using two genomic databases, aligned against the reference genome (Wuhan/Hu-1/2019), and then compared with BA.2.40 lineage detected across the world. Phylogenetic analysis between the samples and other SARS-CoV-2 isolates was performed using molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software. Results: Based on the genomic databases, 10 isolates were identified as BA.2.40. All samples tested positive for the ORF1ab and N genes, but negative for the HV69-70del gene, which is a marker to detect the Omicron variant. Phylogenetic analysis showed the isolates were closely related to an isolate from Malaysia, an area dominated by BA.2.40. Conclusion: Omicron lineage BA.2.40 has no HV69-70 deletion in the spike protein, a marker used to screen for the Omicron variant. BA.2.40 showed a high similarity to an isolate from Malaysia and was detected only during certain periods, indicating the effect of internationally imported cases.

Creating culturally-informed protocols for a stunting intervention using a situated values-based approach (WeValue InSitu): a double case study in Indonesia and Senegal.

International development work involves external partners bringing expertise, resources, and management for local interventions in LMICs, but there is often a gap in understandings of relevant local shared values. There is a widespread need to better design interventions which accommodate relevant elements of local culture, as emphasised by recent discussions in global health research regarding neo-colonialism. One recent innovation is the concept of producing 'cultural protocols' to precede and guide community engagement or intervention design, but without suggestions for generating them. This study explores and demonstrates the potential of an approach taken from another field, named WeValue InSitu, to generate local culturally-informed protocols. WeValue InSitu engages stakeholder groups in meaning-making processes which 'crystallize' their envelope of local shared values, making them communicable to outsiders.Our research context is understanding and reducing child stunting, including developing interventions, carried out at the Senegal and Indonesia sites of the UKRI GCRF Action Against Stunting Hub. Each national research team involves eight health disciplines from micro-nutrition to epigenetics, and extensive collection of samples and questionnaires. Local culturally-informed protocols would be generally valuable to pre-inform engagement and intervention designs. Here we explore generating them by immediately following the group WeValue InSitu crystallization process with specialised focus group discussions exploring: what local life practices potentially have significant influence on the environments affecting child stunting, and which cultural elements do they highlight as relevant. The discussions will be framed by the shared values, and reveal linkages to them. In this study, stakeholder groups like fathers, mothers, teachers, market traders, administrators, farmers and health workers were recruited, totalling 83 participants across 20 groups. Themes found relevant for a culturally-informed protocol for locally-acceptable food interventions included: specific gender roles; social hierarchies; health service access challenges; traditional beliefs around malnutrition; and attitudes to accepting outside help. The concept of a grounded culturally-informed protocol, and the use of WeValue InSitu to generate it, has thus been demonstrated here. Future work to scope out the advantages and limitations compared to deductive culture studies, and to using other formative research methods would now be useful.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Dengue Prevention Among Health Volunteers in an Urban Area - Malang, Indonesia.

OBJECTIVES: The dengue prevention program known as "One House One Mosquito Larva Inspector" involves health volunteers who play a crucial role in the surveillance of mosquito larvae and reporting their findings to local public health officials. This study aimed to identify factors related to the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of dengue prevention behavior among these health volunteers. METHODS: A study was conducted in 5 sub-districts in Malang, an urban area in Indonesia. We employed a cross-sectional design and utilized a semi-structured questionnaire to assess the KAP of 400 health volunteers. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals with a more positive attitude (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; p<0.05) and those with family sizes greater than five persons (OR, 1.90; p<0.05) were more likely to engage in effective dengue prevention practices. Additionally, possesing good knowledge was significantly assocated with more positive attitude (OR, 2.24; p<0.001). Furthermore, 40% reduction in positive attitude was observed in those over 45 years (OR, 0.60; p<0.05). The best practices most frequently reported by the majority of respondents included always reporting their surveillance activities (75.8%) and cleaning the water container in the bathroom at least once a week (65.2%). However, only 52.2% of respondents regularly checked for mosquito larvae in their neighborhood. CONCLUSIONS: Sustainable promotion and training for the "One House One Mosquito Larva Inspector" initiative are necessary, particularly among young health volunteers, to improve dengue prevention behaviors both within their own homes and in the surrounding environment.

Continuum of care in maternal and child health in Indonesia.

AIM: This paper aims to empirically analyze the socioeconomic and demographic correlates of maternal and child health (MCH) care utilization in Indonesia using the continuum of care (CoC) concept. BACKGROUND: The concept of CoC has emerged as an important guiding principle in reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health. Indonesia's maternal mortality rate, neonatal mortality, and under-five mortality rates are among the highest in the Southeast Asian region. METHODS: Using pooled data from four successive waves of the nationally representative Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) conducted in the years 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017, we use multivariate regression models to analyze care across four components of the continuum: antenatal care (ANC), institutional delivery, postnatal care for children, and full immunization (IM). FINDINGS: CoC at each stage of MCH care has improved continuously over the period 2002-2017 in Indonesia. Despite this, just less than one out of two children receive all four components of the CoC. The overall coverage of CoC from its second stage (four or more ANC visits) to the final stage (full child IM) is driven by the dropouts at the ANC visit stage, followed by the loss of postnatal checkups and child IM. We find that the probability of a child receiving CoC at each of the four stages is significantly associated with maternal age and education, the household's socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, and economic status. CONCLUSION: Complete CoC with improved, affordable, and accessible MCH care services has the potential to accelerate the progress of Sustainable Development Goal 3 by reducing maternal and childhood mortality risks. Our findings show that in Indonesia, the CoC continuously declines as women proceed from ANC to other MCH services, with a sharp decline observed after four ANC visits. Our study has identified key socioeconomic characteristics of women and children that increase their probability of failing to access care.

Reflecting on Indonesia's young academy movement.

In the past three decades, there has been a rise in young academy movements in the Global North and South. Such movements, in at least Germany and the Netherlands, have been shown to be quite effective in connecting scientific work with society. Likewise, these movements share a common goal of developing interdisciplinary collaboration among young scientists, which contributes to the growth of a nation's-but also global-scientific endeavors. This paper focuses on the young academy movement in the fourth-largest country hosting the biggest Muslim population in the world, which is also the third-most populous democracy: Indonesia. We observe that there has been rising awareness among the young generation of scientists in Indonesia of the need to advocate for the use of sciences in responding to upcoming and current multidimensional crises. Science advocacy can be seen in their peer-based identification of Indonesia's future challenges, encompassing the fundamental areas for scientific inquiry, discovery, and intervention. We focus on the Indonesian Young Academy of Sciences (ALMI) and its network of young scientists. We describe ALMI's science communication practice, specifically SAINS45 and Science for Indonesia's Biodiversity, and how they have been useful for policymakers, media, and school engagements. The article closes with a reflection on future directions for the young academy movement in Indonesia and beyond.

Immunogenicity and safety of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein subunit vaccine (IndoVac) adjuvanted with alum and CpG 1018 in Indonesian adults: A phase 3, randomized, active-controlled, multicenter trial.

BACKGROUND: Bio Farma has developed a recombinant protein subunit vaccine (IndoVac) that is indicated for active immunization in population of all ages. This article reported the results of the phase 3 immunogenicity and safety study in Indonesian adults aged 18 years and above. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, active-controlled, multicenter, prospective intervention study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of IndoVac in adults aged 18 years and above. Participants who were SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-naïve received two doses of either IndoVac or control (Covovax) with 28 days interval between doses and were followed up until 12 months after complete vaccination. RESULTS: A total of 4050 participants were enrolled from June to August 2022 and received at least one dose of vaccine. The geometric mean ratio (GMR) of neutralizing antibody at 14 days after the second dose was 1.01 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.89-1.16), which met the WHO non-inferiority criteria for immunobridging (95 % CI lower bound > 0.67). The antibody levels were maintained through 12 months after the second dose. The incidence rate of adverse events (AEs) were 27.95 % in IndoVac group and 32.15 % in Covovax group with mostly mild intensity (27.70 %). The most reported solicited AEs were pain (14.69 %) followed by myalgia (7.48 %) and fatigue (6.77 %). Unsolicited AEs varied, with each of the incidence rate under 5 %. There were no serious AEs assessed as possibly, probably, or likely related to vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: IndoVac in adults showed favourable safety profile and elicited non-inferior immune response to Covovax. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05433285, Indonesian Clinical Research Registry: INA-R5752S9).

Comparative stability analysis of Indonesian banks: Markov Switching-Dynamic Regression for Islamic and conventional sectors.

The banking industry necessitates implementing an early warning system to effectively identify the factors that impact bank managers and enable them to make informed decisions, thereby mitigating systemic risk. Identifying factors that influence banks in times of stability and crisis is crucial, as it ultimately contributes to developing an improved early warning system. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the stability of Indonesian Islamic and conventional banking across distinct economic regimes-crisis and stability. We analyze monthly banking data from December 2007 to November 2022 using the Markov Switching Dynamic Regression technique. The study focuses on conducting a comparative analysis between Islamic banks, represented by Islamic Commercial Bank (ICB) and Islamic Rural Bank (IRB), and conventional banks, represented by the Conventional Commercial Bank (CCB) and Conventional Rural Bank (CRB). The findings reveal that both Islamic and conventional banks exhibit a higher probability of being in a stable regime than a crisis regime. Notably, Islamic banks demonstrate a greater propensity to remain in a stable regime than their conventional counterparts. However, in a crisis regime, the likelihood of recovery for Sharia-compliant institutions is lower than for conventional banks. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that larger banks exhibit higher stability than their smaller counterparts regarding assets and size. This study pioneers a comprehensive comparison of the Z-score, employed as a proxy for stability, between two distinct classifications of Indonesian banks: Sharia (ICB and IRB) and conventional (CCB and CRB). The result is expected to improve our awareness of the elements that affect the stability of Islamic and conventional banking in Indonesia, leading to a deeper comprehension of their dynamics.

Acceptability of a pilot motivational interviewing intervention at public health facilities to improve the HIV treatment cascade among people who inject drugs in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: HIV-positive people who inject drugs (PWID) experience challenges in initiating and adhering to antiretroviral treatment (ART). Counselling using motivational interviewing (MI) techniques may help them formulate individualised strategies, and execute actions to address these challenges collaboratively with their providers. We evaluated the acceptability of MI from a pilot implementation at three public health facilities in Indonesia. METHODS: Adapting the acceptability constructs developed by Sekhon (2017) we assessed the acceptability to HIV-positive PWID clients (n = 12) and providers (n = 10) in four synthesised constructs: motivation (attributes that inspire engagement); cost consideration (sacrifices made to engage in MI); learned understanding (mechanism of action); and outcomes (ability to effect change with engagement). We included all providers and clients who completed ≥ 2 MI encounters. Qualitative analysis with an interpretive paradigm was used to extract and categorise themes by these constructs. RESULTS: In motivation, clients valued the open communication style of MI, while providers appreciated its novelty in offering coherent structure with clear boundaries. In cost consideration, both groups faced a challenge in meeting MI encounters due to access or engagement in other health care areas. In learned understanding, clients understood that MI worked to identify problematic areas of life amenable to change to support long-term ART, with reconciliation in family life being the most targeted change. By contrast, providers preferred targeting tangible health outcomes to such behavioural proxies. In outcomes, clients were confident in their ability to develop behaviours to sustain ART uptakes, whereas providers doubted the outcome of MI on younger PWID or those with severe dependence. CONCLUSIONS: There is broad acceptability of MI in motivating engagement for both actors. Relative to providers, clients were more acceptable in its mechanism and had greater confidence to perform behaviours conducive to ART engagement. Design innovations to improve the acceptability of MI for both actors are needed.

Spatial habitat suitability prediction of essential oil wild plants on Indonesia's degraded lands.

Background: Essential oils are natural products of aromatic plants with numerous uses. Essential oils have been traded worldwide and utilized in various industries. Indonesia is the sixth largest essential oil producing country, but land degradation is a risk to the continuing extraction and utilization of natural products. Production of essential oil plants on degraded lands is a potential strategy to mitigate this risk. This study aimed to identify degraded lands in Indonesia that could be suitable habitats for five wild native essential oil producing plants, namely Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq., Baeckea frutescens L., Cynometra cauliflora L., Magnolia montana (Blume) Figlar, and Magnolia sumatrana var. glauca (Blume) Figlar & Noot using various species distribution models. Methods: The habitat suitability of these species was predicted by comparing ten species distribution models, including Bioclim, classification and regression trees (CART), flexible discriminant analysis (FDA), Maxlike, boosted regression trees (BRT), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), generalized linear models (GLM), Ranger, support vector machine (SVM), and Random Forests (RF). Bioclimatic, topographic and soil variables were used as the predictors of the model habitat suitability. The models were evaluated according to their AUC and TSS metrics. Model selection was based on ranking performance. The total suitable area for five native essential oil producing plants in Indonesia's degraded lands was derived by overlaying the models with degraded land locations. Results: The habitat suitability model for these species was well predicted with an AUC value >0.8 and a TSS value >0.7. The most important predictor variables affecting the habitat suitability of these species are mean temperature of wettest quarter, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of warmest quarter, precipitation of coldest quarter, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, sand, and soil organic carbon. C. cauliflora has the largest predicted suitable area, followed by M. montana, B. frutescens, M. sumatrana var. glauca, and A. pedunculata. The overlapping area between predictive habitat suitability and degraded lands indicates that the majority of degraded lands in Indonesia's forest areas are suitable for those species. Conclusion: The degraded lands predicted as suitable habitats for five native essential oil producing plants were widely spread throughout Indonesia, mostly in its main islands. These findings can be used by the Indonesian Government for evaluating policies for degraded land utilization and restorations that can enhance the lands' productivity.

Indonesian martial artists' preferences in martial arts schools: Sustaining business competitiveness through conjoint analysis.

The popularity of martial arts in the present times has become apparent, therefore, it is necessary to explore martial artists' preferences and the schools' competitiveness. The purpose of this study was to assess martial artists' preferences concerning the services offered by martial arts schools. Conjoint analysis was utilized to analyze the responses of fifty-five (55) martial artists based on the seven (7) martial arts schools' attributes. The results showed that the type of martial arts was found to be the most important attribute (30.449%) followed by distance (27.970%), price range (22.706%), social environment (11.097%), class preference (5.080%), goal (1.562%), and schedule (1.135%). Furthermore, Muay Thai or Kickboxing was the most preferred martial art, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) was the second priority, next was Taekwondo, then Karate, and finally Boxing. In addition, the martial artists' preferred distance was less than 8 km, and a monthly training cost of 150,000 to 450,000 IDR (10 to 20 USD). Martial artists liked attending open classes, treated martial arts as a hobby, and favored attending classes once or twice weekly. With the lack of conjoint-related studies in the martial arts industry, the findings contributed to academicians and addressed issues of inadequate studies. Most importantly, the researchers presented managerial implications to leverage marketing techniques and develop the business operations of martial arts schools.

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Apis cerana honey from Lombok and Bali Islands.

Limited honey production worldwide leads to higher market prices, thus making it prone to adulteration. Therefore, regular physicochemical analysis is imperative for ensuring authenticity and safety. This study describes the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Apis cerana honey sourced from the islands of Lombok and Bali, showing their unique regional traits. A comparative analysis was conducted on honey samples from Lombok and Bali as well as honey variety from Malaysia. Moisture content was found slightly above 20% in raw honey samples from Lombok and Bali, adhering to the national standard (SNI 8664:2018) of not exceeding 22%. Both honey types displayed pH values within the acceptable range (3.40-6.10), ensuring favorable conditions for long-term storage. However, Lombok honey exhibited higher free acidity (78.5±2.14 meq/kg) than Bali honey (76.0±1.14 meq/kg), surpassing Codex Alimentarius recommendations (≤50 meq/kg). The ash content, reflective of inorganic mineral composition, was notably lower in Lombok (0.21±0.02 g/100) and Bali honey (0.14±0.01 g/100) compared to Tualang honey (1.3±0.02 g/100). Electric conductivity, indicative of mineral content, revealed Lombok and Bali honey with lower but comparable values than Tualang honey. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentrations in Lombok (14.4±0.11 mg/kg) and Bali (17.6±0.25 mg/kg) were slightly elevated compared to Tualang honey (6.4±0.11 mg/kg), suggesting potential processing-related changes. Sugar analysis revealed Lombok honey with the highest sucrose content (2.39±0.01g/100g) and Bali honey with the highest total sugar content (75.21±0.11 g/100g). Both honeys exhibited lower glucose than fructose content, aligning with Codex Alimentarius guidelines. The phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were significantly higher in Lombok and Bali honey compared to Tualang honey, suggesting potential health benefits. Further analysis by LC-MS/MS-QTOF targeted analysis identified various flavonoids/flavanols and polyphenolic/phenolic acid compounds in Lombok and Bali honey. The study marks the importance of characterizing the unique composition of honey from different regions, ensuring quality and authenticity in the honey industry.

Trying to understand the illness: A qualitative investigation of health literacy of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.

Limited health literacy is high among patients with chronic kidney disease, which can pose challenges in health care. Evidence of health literacy in Indonesia, particularly regarding patients undergoing hemodialysis, is lacking. In this study, we aimed to explore health literacy in adult patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. An inductive qualitative study was conducted. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 adult patients undergoing hemodialysis, four family caregivers, and four healthcare professionals. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. Three themes emerged from the data: "Trying to understand the illness," "searching and obtaining health information," and "applying health information." Understanding and accepting the illness included raising awareness of the changes in their lives and accepting these changes. Participants actively sought information from healthcare professionals and other sources and used it carefully. Behavioral changes included patients' adherence to therapy, although participants often felt bored during the illness trajectory. Understanding the illness and being willing to seek and critically evaluate health information before implementing it are important. These aspects may affect patient outcomes and require further intervention and research.

Does sensation-seeking behavior influence the patterns of flavored e-cigarette use? A cross-sectional study among Indonesian adolescents and young adults.

BACKGROUND: The variety of available flavors in e-cigarettes may be a driver for young people to start using these products. The objectives of our study were to examine the relationship between sensation-seeking behavior and e-cigarette use, and to identify the predictors of flavor use patterns among adolescents in Indonesia. METHODS: Students aged 15 to 24 years participated from randomly selected high schools and universities in Indonesia. Participants answered questions about their demographic data, e-cigarette use, conventional cigarette use, and sensation-seeking. Flavor preferences were identified from eight different flavor categories. Multivariate multinomial regression analysis was employed to predict conventional cigarette and e-cigarette use among students. A latent class analysis was conducted to determine the number of latent classes of flavor use. RESULTS: One thousand six hundred high school and university students, with a mean age of 18.2 years (SD 2.19), were recruited between March and August, 2023. Conventional cigarette use in the past 30 days was higher (16.3%) compared to e-cigarette use (13.3%, p = 0.017), with approximately 8.5% of students were being dual users. Higher levels of sensation-seeking significantly increased the odds of being a current e-cigarette user (OR = 2.54, 95%CI 1.99-3.25) and a current conventional cigarette smoker (OR = 2.38, 95%CI 1.85-3.07). Three groups of flavor classes were identified: 1) primarily menthol flavor users (14%), who had a strong association with current conventional cigarette use; 2) experimenters, who mostly preferred fruit-flavored e-cigarettes (76%); and 3) the multi-flavor user group (10%), who had a higher sensation-seeking tendency. CONCLUSIONS: Flavors, especially menthol and fruit flavors, attract youth, broaden the e-cigarette audience and are particularly appealing to high sensation-seekers. Banning these flavors could significantly deter e-cigarette initiation among youth.

Genetic exploration of Dravet syndrome: two case report.

BACKGROUND: Dravet syndrome is an infantile-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) characterized by drug resistance, intractable seizures, and developmental comorbidities. This article focuses on manifestations in two Indonesian children with Javanese ethnicity who experienced Dravet syndrome with an SCN1A gene mutation, presenting genetic analysis findings using next-generation sequencing. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case series involving two Indonesian children with Javanese ethnicity whom had their first febrile seizure at the age of 3 months, triggered after immunization. Both patients had global developmental delay and intractable seizures. We observed distinct genetic findings in both our cases. The first patient revealed heterozygous deletion mutation in three genes (TTC21B, SCN1A, and SCN9A). In our second patient, previously unreported mutation was discovered at canonical splice site upstream of exon 24 of the SCN1A gene. Our patient's outcomes improved after therapeutic evaluation based on mutation findings When comparing clinical manifestations in our first and second patients, we found that the more severe the genetic mutation discovered, the more severe the patient's clinical manifestations. CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive genetic testing beyond SCN1A, providing valuable insights for personalized management and tailored therapeutic interventions in patients with Dravet syndrome. Our study underscores the potential of next-generation sequencing in advancing genotype-phenotype correlations and enhancing diagnostic precision for effective disease management.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of growth hormone gene in cattle and their association with growth traits: a systematic review.

Growth traits in livestock animals are quantitative parameters, which are often controlled by many genes including growth hormone (GH) gene. However, the evidence of effect of GH gene on growth traits of cattle is poorly understood. Hence, the objective of the study was to systematically investigate the literature on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GH gene and their association with growth traits in cattle from four databases Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. The results indicated that fifteen (n = 15) articles with 27% of them from Indonesia qualified to be used in this study after screening. The results revealed five SNPs (1047T > C, 1180 C > T, 86,273,136 A/G, 3338 A > G and 4251 C > T) occurred across multiple investigated breeds with no common identified SNPs. Six articles observed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between growth traits and genotypes of identified SNPs. The findings showed that 7 articles (47%) investigated body weight (BW) with 6 (40%) of them found non-significant and 1 (7%) found a significant association with genotypes of the identified SNPs (3338 A > G). While 7 articles (47%) investigated weaning weight (WW) with 5 (33%) of them revealed a non-significant and 2 (13%) found a significant association with genotypes of identified SNPs (3338 A > G and 4251 C > T). This study shows that there is a lack of evidence on effect of growth hormone gene on growth traits in cattle. However, more studies are recommended for further validation of the identified SNPs and effect of growth hormone gene on growth traits in cattle.